several others read υἱῶν θεοῦ (“sons of God”).4 Both of these Greek renderings presuppose a Hebrew text of either בני אלהים or בני אלים. These Hebrew phrases underlying ἄγγελῶν θεοῦ and υἱῶν θεοῦ are attested in two Hebrew manuscripts from Qumran,5 and by one (conflated) manuscript of Aquila.6 Should the verse be rendered “sons of Israel” or “sons of God”? The debate over which is preferable is more than a fraternal spat among textual critics. The notion that the nations of the world were